Migration
Important facts, models, and vocab
Migration is a permanent move to a new location . People migrate by land, air, and sea.
Immigrant: A person who is migrating into a country
Emigrant: A person who is migrating out of a country
Migration is either voluntary or forced:
In 1885, Ernest Ravenstein wrote 11 migration laws, basic characteristics of migration and an explanation of why people migrate.
Immigrant: A person who is migrating into a country
Emigrant: A person who is migrating out of a country
Migration is either voluntary or forced:
- Voluntary migration is the movement of people by choice. These migrants move because of push and pull factors. Push factors encourage people to move from the area in which they live and pull factors attract people to new regions.
- Forced migration is migration in which migrants have been compelled to move, in other words they have no choice. Refugees are forced migrants. A refugee is defined as "A person who has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, or political opinion" (Rubenstein). Examples of refugees: Ethnic conflicts in Rwanda and Darfur led to the flee of refugees in Africa. An internally displaced person(IDP) is "A person who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as refugees, but hasn't migrated across international borders" (Rubenstein).
- Chain migration: The migration of people to a specific location because family members or members of the same nationality moved there.
- Channelized migration: The tendency for migration flow to occur between two areas that are economically allied by trade connections and social pasts.
- Step Migration: Migration that occurs in stages before reaching the destination.
- Cyclical movement: Short term movement that occurs on a regular basis. Ex: commuting to work
- Illegal immigration: When migrants enter a country without legal documentation.
- Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock and their owners between mountain and lowland pastures(quizlet).
- Nomadism: The cyclical, yet irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation.
In 1885, Ernest Ravenstein wrote 11 migration laws, basic characteristics of migration and an explanation of why people migrate.
- Most migrants travel short distances.
- Migration proceeds step by step.
- Longer distance migrants prefer to go to centers of commerce or industry.
- Each stream of migration produces a counter-stream.
- Urban dwellers are less migratory than people in rural areas.
- Females are more migratory than males in internal migration, but males are more common in international migration.
- Large towns owe their growth more to migration than natural increase.
- The volume of migration increases with the development of industry and commerce as transportation improves.
- Most migration is from agricultural areas to centers of commerce and industry.
- The main causes of migration are economic.
- Most migrants are adults.
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Distance decay is the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin. In other words, the shorter the distance between two places, the more interaction, but the longer he distance the more interaction.
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Ernest Ravenstein founded the gravity model which showed an inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance between source and destination.
When traveling longer distances, migrants may run into intervening opportunities, the presence of nearer opportunities that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of far away sites. Intervening obstacles are environmental, cultural, or man-made factors(walls, rivers, etc.) that halt or slow migration.
Each migration flow produces a counterflow. When one group moves into an area, another group moves out. This is called invasion and succession.
Migration occurs on local to global scales:
Each migration flow produces a counterflow. When one group moves into an area, another group moves out. This is called invasion and succession.
Migration occurs on local to global scales:
- Internal: Within a country.
- International: Between countries.
- Interregional: Between regions.
- Intraregional: Within one region.